Glacial Trimlines and Nunataks in Assynt Region of Scotland

Frigid Trimlines and Nunataks in Assynt Region of Scotland Title How much are frosty trimlines and nunataks present in the Assynt locale of North West Scotland and how does this influence includes above and beneath the limit? or then again How much is a frigid trimline present in the Assynt district of North West Scotland and how can it influence includes above and underneath the proposed limit? Unique The Assynt area of North West Scotland, north of the town of Ullapool, is situated on The Moine Thrust belt, which extends from Lock Eriboll on the north coast to the Isle of Skye, around 120 miles south. This denotes where the old Moine schist rock, around 1,000Ma, push over more youthful rocks, making an unconformity between the Moine schist and the Durness limestone, which was transformed and modified underneath the push, from 500Ma. The region is wealthy in Quaternary geography, giving proof of direct ice activity and periglacial highlights not straightforwardly connected to ice stream. These Quaternary highlights are part by a hypothetical warm limit called a frosty trimline, as far as anyone knows speaking to the most noteworthy vertical degree of the icy mass, with periglacial highlights lying over the limit and ice stream erosional includes beneath. These highlights will be concentrated so as to give proof to the trimline, with the estimation of rock hardness around the regio n giving the best data. Foundation Geology The most established rocks present, gneisses of the Lewisian complex, of Archaean age, have experienced three significant times of disfigurement, the first of these being the Badcallian occasion, where predominant foliation was delivered, trailed constantly time of distortion called the Inverian occasion. The Scourie dykes, a set-up of dykes, barged in the Lewisian complex before being twisted during the third time of misshapening, named the Laxfordian occasion, dated around 1.7Ga. The Lewisian complex can be partitioned into the Rhiconich, Assynt, Gruinard and Southern Terranes. The limit between the Assynt and Gruinard rock formations lies along the Canisp Shear Zone. Both hold distinctive structural narratives, yet were consolidated by the Palaeoproterozoic, around 2.4Ga, apparent from the interruption of the Scourie Dykes. (Trewin, N.H, 2003) The Archaean Lewisian rocks are then unconformably overlain by the Torridon gathering of red sandstones and combinations, saved in fluiviatile and lacustrine situations, dated roughly between 1.2Ga to 1Ga in the Proterzoic. These red sandstones were presented by waterways and covered under old slopes and mountains. The Torridon sandstones, inclined, dissolved and overlaid the past Stoer bunch around 1Ga. (http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/nws/nws-geolhist.html) After an ensuing time of elevate and non-testimony, the district was violated and marine Cambrian quartz arenites unconfomormably overlaid the Torridon and Lewisian gatherings. These quartz arenites vary from the Torridon sandstones, especially in their white shading and by means of the nearness of vertical tunnels from ichnogenera Skolithos and Monocraterion, featuring the early Cambrian as the upper age bound. (K.M. Goodenough et al, 2009) The Fucoid Member, a slight definite unit of earthy colored endured siltstones, overlies the quartzites. (Trewin, N.H, 2003) This thusly is trailed by the Salterella Grit part, a slight layer of quartzites, which overlies the fucoid part, which are all dated as early Cambrian in age. Comformably overlying the clastic joins is the Durness gathering of carbonates, the most youthful silt in the locale, which run in age from early Cambrian to early Ordovician, around 542-475 Ma. (Trewin, N.H, 2003) Bounteous pushing is available all through the Assynt district from late Ordoivician to early Silurian times with far reaching twisting having happened. Four thurst sheets are available, the most minimal of which, the Moine sheet, containing units allotted to the Moine Supergroup, settled upon the Lewisian complex, kept around 900Ma. (Krabbendam, M. furthermore, Leslie, A. G, 2010) The silt inside the Moine supergroup are predominanty shallow marine arkosic sandstones. Significant development along the Moine thurst happened around 440-430 Ma, recorded by means of Rb-Sr dating of mylonites, additionally demonstrating the fine grained platy rock mylonite arrangement along the push. (Freeman, S,R et al, 1998) Quaternary Geology of the region Throughout the last 2 million years, the scene of North West Scotland has been significantly modified by environmental change, accepted to fit the ‘Milankovitch’ timescale. Vacillations of temperature, from times of warmth to times of cold and ice have explicitly changed upland zones. The heaviness of the ice made the nation be brought down, combined with lower ocean levels because of the catch of water in the ice, before unexpected environmental change constrained softening of the icy masses and ice sheets. This set off the arrival of tremendous measures of water, storing sands and rock seaward and in stream valleys. (Lowe, J. J. furthermore, Walker, M. J. C, 1997) Alongside this, ocean levels significantly rose because of the gigantic increment in water, shaping sea shores over the ocean level, left today as raised sea shores. (http://www.snh.org.uk/distributions/on-line/geography/scotland/ice.asp) The development of the ice because of gravity under its own weight and its liquid nature caused decimation in its way. Because of its damaging nature, proof is expelled, making timing, degree and individual effects hard to record. During the previous 30,000 years, there have been three significant times of glaciation, with interglacial periods sprinkled, where there was no ice during summer a very long time aside from in certain territories of high scope and elevation. Shorter periods between glacials are named interstadials, when warm temperatures present and stadials, where temperatures are generally cool. Two of these frosty periods profoundly affected the Assynt area. The first and most established of these frosty periods, named the Late Glacial Maximum, is dated around between 29,000-22,000 years back. An ice sheet of over 800m in thickness was available, leaving just few nunataks obvious. Nunataks are uncovered pinnacles or edges over the ice sheet, regularly rough in nature. The most youthful icy occasion is the Loch Lomond Stadial, around 13,000 to 11,000 years prior, named after the Loch itself, which shaped because of icy development because of the evacuation of rocks, uncovered by the ice. (http://www.scottishgeology.com/geo/local geography/midland-valley/south-finish of-loch-lomond). It left moraines, nunataks and outwash porches in numerous valleys and some little moraines in corries, with the moraines assisting with diagramming the ice edge retreat. The period was finished because of a quick increment in climatic temperature, thusly beginning the Holocene. Chilly highlights are available around the Assynt district which help to outline ice stream bearing. These incorporate striations, grooves, bow checks and grinding splits to give some examples, each of these generally taking things down a notch and hence effectively recordable. They are discovered most normally on the Cambrian quartzite and the funnel rock; in any case, little numbers have been mapped on Torridon sandstone. Striations are framed by scraped area of free shakes and stones at the base of an icy mass, shaping scratches in the stone, the course of the scratch showing the directional progression of the ice. Now and again be that as it may, they can be confounding because of various icy masses at later dates cross cutting the recently framed striations from an alternate course. The striations must be therefore concentrated in detail to figure out which time of ice development started things out. Measures, as sickle moon shapes, structure when stones inside an ice sheet or i cy mass are squeezed against the bedrock. These stones pivot somewhat as the ice sheet or ice sheet moves, hauling them all the while with the turn, causing sickle formed indents in the bedrock. Checks are helpful for deciding stream bearing, as the progression of ice regularly focuses a similar way as the measure. Checks can regularly be effortlessly mistaken for contact breaks on the off chance that they have been adjusted by enduring; in any case, measures are typically more noteworthy in size. Erosion splits are shaped because of an expansion in grating between the ice sheet and bedrock underneath it, with stones and rocks bobbing off the bedrock, which means pressure isn't persistent. As far as ice stream heading, they point in the contrary path to the measures. Moraines, another element of cold development, are collections of stored till. Various moraines are framed in various zones passed by the ice sheet. Terminal moraines structure at the end, or end of the farthest point came to by the ice, while parallel moraines structure at each side of the icy mass and average moraines are framed at the convergence between two icy masses. The affidavit of the till can occur in three unique regions of the icy mass, with subglacial at the base of the ice sheet, minor statement on the edges of the ice, and supraglacial sitting on the outside of the ice sheet. Fluvial activity can in this way improve the kept till and moraines, changing their qualities and morphology. Till textures can likewise be concentrated so as to give proof of glaciation. Tills are kept at various regions of the ice stream, with the situation of these and the direction of the clasts assisting with mapping the heading of ice stream in the zone. Periglacial landforms are additionally present in the district, ordered as zones that structure adjoining icy territory or in regions of close likeness and that theoretically structure over the proposed trimline, where freeze defrost enduring frequently happens. Designed ground highlights are the absolute most basic structures found, including stripes, nets, circles, polygons and steps, each framed either by arranging or non-arranging of silt. Nets and stripes are the two generally normal of these highlights found in the Assynt locale. Nets are found betwee

Importance of Writing Free Essays

The Importance of Writing for Students Writing characterizes as an instrument to speak to writers’ musings, feelings,and thoughts into one segment/reason. As a device, composing has a capacity to create writers’ musings to be progressively basic. Composing requires a reasonable change, and a redundancy so as to improve the aptitude. We will compose a custom article test on Significance of Writing or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The training is change; nonetheless, the fundamental of common sense includes a few sources as a media of learning. Composing plans essayists, particularly understudies, to venture into a bigger society in term of demonstrating their capacity in a backhanded method of correspondence. Composing assumes a significant job in the realm of instruction. Composing fabricates an approach to make understudies to be increasingly imaginative. Innovativeness through composing has boundless extensions. Extent of composing account ensnares a wild creative mind through certain unpredictable thoughts by finding the idea efficient and explicitly. Extent of composing a scholarly advancement, for example, examine paper, expects understudies to comprehend in applying a correct sentence structure, and organizing a passage. â€Å"Creative writing† drives understudies to do investigation that trigger them in finding another development (Bekurs; Santoli). An examination requests understudies to expound and adjust the words into one entirely different observation. Breaking down in this creative cycle implies â€Å"to figure out how to evaluate† the contention, and â€Å"use that data to locate the importance in the knowledge† (Bekurs; Santoli). As per Santoli and Bekurs, â€Å"the establishment of innovative writing† must be founded on students’ â€Å"personal interest† (Bekurs; Santoli). Composing builds up a social aptitude in understudies. A social aptitude needs an essential establishment of figuring out how to ace a second method of correspondence, called composing. Specifically, a social development in web, for example, blogging, snares youngsters to communicate theimselve as a person through composition. This blogging action is â€Å"the turnpike to the soul†; in addition, composing mirrors the character of the journalists that permit them to collaborate with new individuals in the digital world (McNulty). A social aptitude, in term of composing, produces a boundless access in arriving at a wide range of social orders. In any case, understudies need to ace a wide range of vocabularies identified with the field. Composing causes a few understudies in picking up companions. A few understudies have a trouble in relating themselves to new individuals. Specifically, the movement of trading diary so as to collaborate with their new companions is still ecessary, particularly for those in a lower evaluation of training. Composing guides understudies in picking up â€Å"self-awareness†, â€Å"self-motivation†, and â€Å"believing in themselves† (Downing 1). For this situation, composing a diary can be useful in raising students’ inspiration and thoughtfulnes s toward themselves. Composing a diary implies working out our wild conclusions into a bit of paper; simply like composing a journal. By composing diary, understudies can convey their â€Å"hidden thoughts† through a â€Å"white and black† device that makes everything â€Å"visible to the world† (McNulty). Composing trains understudies to turn out to be progressively autonomous and certain. As indicated by Santoli and Bekurs, when understudies â€Å"become increasingly open to putting their pens to paper† as authors, they have become autonomous leaders of themselves (Bekurs; Santoli). Besides, understudies need to frequently rehearse the composing expertise to increase a self-assurance. The more understudies practice their composition, the more they permit themselves to fathom the helpfulness of utilizing language and applying them into passage. Composing decides the future profession of understudies. The aptitude of composing portrays the educated understudies as free laborers later on. For example, the capacity of understudy in talking a decent discourse creates a recently government official. The fitness of understudy recorded as a hard copy a report rises another brought into the world skilled columnist. Besides, the composing expertise of understudies determine their situation as a laborer; either lower or higher position. In term of composing, the significance of having the option to â€Å"mean what you state and state what you mean† has pivotal importance in the profession field (McNulty). So as to go after a position, individuals need to present a firm Curriculum Vitae letter that expects them to compose a strength endorsement of themselves. Step by step instructions to refer to Importance of Writing, Papers

How to Write a Personal Essay

How to Write a Personal EssayWriting a personal essay requires that you have your entire life in front of you and a considerable amount of detail. The temptation to skip some of the details is always there, but you must let the reader know why they need to read every last word. Having your life as the main focus will make it easier for you to write about it will be a lot easier for the reader to relate to you. You will want to share your dreams, hopes, and passions with them in order to find out what their life is like.Personal essays can be about anything and everything in your life. If your idea is to create an essay about your love of one particular type of music then go ahead and write the personal essay all about you and your musical preferences. Also if you have a specific interest such as weightlifting then you could write an essay about what got you into it and what you enjoy about it. If you do not know much about something then start small and learn as much as you can about it. As your interest grows you can write larger and more involved pieces of the story.If you have no idea where to start or what subject matter to write about then it might be a good idea to look at other people's writing. Everyone has a unique style and when you compare yourself to others you will be able to see which subjects are easiest to write about. When you get to this point then you can narrow down the list of subject matters to be written about and begin to research more about each topic. You will find that there are many areas of study that you can write about.When you start researching different topics you will find that there are many rules and techniques for writing about them. There are plenty of online sources on how to write a personal essay and there are also tons of books on the subject as well. This should help you in the long run because it will help you realize how much more effective you can be at writing about a particular subject. When you start writing it s hould be easy and natural. Your essay will be the best if you can let your emotions flow freely through the piece without too much thought put into it. Write from the heart and forget about thinking too much about the ideas that you have come up with. As you can see that is easier said than done but you will find that once you get going it is easier than it is to stop.If you find that you are having trouble when it comes to creating your personal essay then you should visit an essay writing service. These professionals can help you format your personal essay and bring out the best in you. Writing a personal essay is not easy and if you have not written a personal essay before you may want to learn a few tricks in order to get your piece together. If you are familiar with the general rules and structure of an essay then you should be able to follow along easily.One of the most common mistakes that writers make is not knowing what the end product should look like. You should avoid cut ting and pasting, unless you know the story inside and out. Learning from your mistakes is important when it comes to personal essays and if you find that you are making any then you should visit a professional.You will want to make sure that you always have a deadline set for yourself so that you can do it right and by the deadline. It may take some time but your essay will be worth it will make a lasting impression on the reader. Take the time to compose a good essay that flows and has the entire story from beginning to end. You will find that once you have a completed essay that you are better able to take your writing to another level than you were before.

Capital Punishment Should Not Be - 2299 Words

Capital Punishment: To Be or Not to Be On Sunday, March 29, 2009, at approximately 10:00am, Robert Stewart, aged 45, entered the Pine Lake Rehabilitation and Nursing Center in the small town of Carthage, NC. As he moved through the halls, he gunned down nearly a dozen innocent victims. In the aftermath of his deadly rampage, Stewart left eleven victims, eight dead and three wounded. He had killed the most helpless victims, elderly nursing home patients, many who lay helplessly in their beds or sat bound in their wheelchairs. All of his victims, except one, were between seventy-eight and ninety-eight years of age, incapable of self-defense and in the final season of their lives. Undoubtedly, this was a heinous crime, the kind that forces one to question why. What would lead a man to commit such a horrible act? Is there any way to explain it? There is much speculation about Stewart’s motive, but in the grand scheme of things, what does it matter? Would any explanation make Stewart’s deed any less horrendous? No. The end result would be the same- innocent lives lost in a brutal attack, and families left behind, trying to make sense of it all. While some are asking why he did it, others are already contemplating Stewart’s fate. Of course, many are demanding death. The controversy comes as society strives to decide what that severe punishment should be. Should it be the death penalty? What is the death penalty? It is the killing of a person as punishment by judicial process.Show MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe case for capital punishment Topic: why capital punishment should continue General purpose: To argue Specific purpose: my main aim is to convince the audience that capital punishment should be upheld. In other, the advantages of capital punishment outweigh its disadvantages. 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Classification of Market Structure and Its Importance

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The monopoly output is lower than perfectly competitive firm output. Price Discrimination Price discrimination refers to the charging of different prices by the monopolist for the same product. He may charge different prices for different customers for the same product. Or in different markets, monopolist may charge differently. Price discrimination is possible only when elasticity of demand will be different in different markets. Where demand is inelastic they will charge higher price, low price where demand is elastic. –In some cases discrimination is legally sanctioned, for example railways charges different rates for the transport of coal and copper. MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Monopolistic competition refers to a market situation where there are mny sellers of a commodity but the product of each seller is not identical. No seller can have any perceptible influence on the price output policies of the other seller nor can he be influenced by their action. 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The Invention Of The Automobile Industry - 915 Words

Dan Rather once famously said that â€Å"Americans will put up with anything provided it doesn’t block traffic.:† There is a long and significant bond culturally in the United States (US) with the automobile. It has often been pictured in media as a staple of the middle class life, a sign of prosperity, and a symbol of freedom. The birth of the worldwide auto industry happened in the US. Cars in some form or another had already existed around the world but they were labor intensive to produce and without a supply the market considered them more of an interesting novelty than a must have product. Henry Ford revolutionized the nascent automobile industry with the development of the assembly line to mass produce the vehicles in the US to sell to the world. Since then the US has been one of the leading countries for the manufacture of automobiles until the 1970’s. Since then there has been a marked increase in global competition which has dropped the US to 3rd in annual production of vehicles for 2014 behind China and the European Union (EU). What could have caused this shift? In 2007 and 2008 the worldwide markets suffered a significant downturn resulting in two of the biggest US manufacturers Chrysler and GM to file for bankruptcy. They were immediately offered relief by the US government but the damage done highlighted just how shaky their footing was that they could not weather a recession. Today the average US autoworker makes just under $16 a hourShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinitely the biggest invention on history changing the way humans transport. In the past, there were no vehicles and therefore people used to walk while only the few lucky had the privilege of enjoying a horse ride. 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Only 40 years later, Francois Isaac de Rivaz engineered an automobile that was powered by an internal combustion engine, using hydrogen as its fuel sourceRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1832 Words   |  8 Pagesworld pub lished in 1990 is an example of unity of purpose which created an alternate epistemology of the automobile industry for the discerning audience. It is a tightly knit teamwork of three senior managers of the IMVP led by Jim Womack, Daniel T. Jones Daniel Ross and a collective endeavor of several associates and advisors. The book offers a panorama of key concerns in automotive industry based on a research, which took place over a period of five years at a cost of $5 million dollars at MassachusettsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Invention of the Automobile, A Turning Point in History One could argue that one of the best inventions of the 1900’s was the Model T Ford or Tin Lizzie. The invention of the automobile has certainly left an indelible mark on the American Society. Consequently, the automobile has become the center of an extraordinary industry with the assembly lines and mass production techniques. These elements have essentially revolutionized the automobile industry. The Model T Ford made car travel affordableRead MoreThe Automobile Industry Influenced The American Economy1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1769, the first automobile, a steam-powered carriage that would carry up to four people at two miles per hour, was created. Years pass as gasoline engines, wheels, and a steering device were added to the automobile, which began to make it useful but expensive (â€Å"The Invention of Automobiles†). They were hand-crafted at this time, therefore making it unaffordable. Until Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1913, automobiles remained expensive. 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The invention of automobiles was a turning point for life in America. Cars gave us the possibility of a brighter future by offering us quicker travels, relief of harsh elements, and the expansion of economic potential. Hundreds of

Social Media Marketing In Hospitality Industry-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Social Media Marketing In Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction The current review of literature is premised on role of social media marketing in tourism industry. Considering the context of destination marketing, role of social media is being more profound in the contemporary world. With exponential growth of social media, both in the global and Australian market, the demand for understanding the role of social media in the operation of hospitality industry has been increased. Lifeline of the hospitality industry is people - who are perceived as consumers/customers by hospitality firms such as hotels and restaurants. Therefore, these organisations use a plethora of online marketing tools and techniques as a new marketing channel in order to connect with their customers. Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by learner) Critically analysing the Emergence of social media marketing In the last decade, the rise of social media has been a major socio-cultural revolution, coupled with significant economic outcomes. People have joined in different social media platforms and this has contributed to ballooning of those online communities. In opinion of Leung et al. (2015, p.149), such changes have enabled people to express their opinion on matters more effectively and instantly and this has changed landscape of marketing in the hospitality industry. In addition, Demographic factors such as age and gender, coupled with socioeconomic status have enhanced concept of customer relationship in the hospitality industry (Leung et al. 2013, p.5). Figure 2: Number of Facebook users in Australia from 2015 to 2022 (in millions) (Source: Statista.com, 2017) As of Jan 2017, there are 16 million active Face book users in Australia. Given the total national population of the country in 2017 was 24.3 million; approximately 65.8% of the Australian population is on Facebook. Apart from Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram have also rapidly increased their user base in Australia, 1 in every 5 Australian now use Instagram and 1 in every 6 Australian is an active user of Snapchat (Socialmedianews.com.au, 2017). Considering these statistics, the penetration of major social media in the Australian population can easily be surmised. Identifying the role of Social Media and Online Marketing Social media is considered an online application for online marketing and therefore hospitality brands seek to effectively utilise these platforms for building online communities consisting, loyal customers/consumers. As commented by Bowie et al. (2016, p.142), hospitality brands use social media platforms for two major purposes, a) building a new business model that incorporates a product-marketing channel and b) establishing a strong relationship with customers without encountering major obstacles in terms of time and place. Defining online community In context of hospitality industry, an online community can be defined as a group of people sharing their experiences through social media, expressing their opinions and providing necessary criticisms on services offered (Kim et al. 2015, p.170). Characteristics of online community From sociological perspective, Sigala et al. (2012, p.182) has characterised an online community through twelve elements. While the first six elements here highlight the need for individuals and the expectations of the communities, remaining six elements are associated with the success of community. Figure 3: Sociological Elements of an Online Community (Source: Sigala et al. 2012, p.183) Bowie et al. (2016, p.212) has characterised online community from operational as well as theoretical perspectives. From a theoretical perspective, core elements of an online community are the place, symbols and virtual. On another hand, operational characteristics here include a) people b) purpose and c) the policies. Figure 4: Reasons people visit online communities (Source: Bowie et al. 2016, p.210) Kim et al. (2015, p.170) have also characterised social media community through need of people to a) obtain information b) engage into transaction (economic and social) c) build new relationships and d) voice out opinions (positive and negative). Critically discussing the theories of social media marketing Participation of people in social media is contingent on shared purpose, characteristics and inherent purposes of the concerned communities. Therefore, participation of individuals on social media can be clearly underpinned through theoretical explanations. Economic theory Owing to the economic power and capability of affecting power relationships existing between marketers and customers, social media has gained significant popularity since its inception. From an economic perspective, marketers from hospitality industry perceive the entire population of a country as an aggregation of potential customers who can avail their offered services/products and thus benefit the respective organisations (Ng and Lien, 2015, p.668). In this context, resource-based model is an effective tool to understand the economic impact of social media on business. As mentioned by Sotiriadis and Van Zyl (2013, p.115), participants of social media generate consumer value when they are satisfied from the services offered and their gained benefits outweigh the expended resources. However, Kandampully et al. (2015, p.380) has criticised this economic perspective by pointing out that social media communities also have the power to relocate the balance of power from marketers to end customers thus sometimes consumer perception can determine the fate of a particular hospitality brand. Social Theory Two social theories namely social exchange theory and social identity theory are also applicable in this study for exploring the motivations of social media users and the impact of social media activities on the operation of hospitality industry. Figure 5: Social theories (Source: created by leaner) In the opinion of Sigala et al. (2012, p.177), social exchange theory emphasises on the mutually beneficial interactions taken place among people outcomes of which are beneficial for both involved parties. Guided by the expectation of receiving social rewards, individual continues to contribute to communities and they also expect reciprocal responses from other members of the community. These behaviours are utilised by social media communities created by hospitality brands by rewarding their members with different forms of gifts and rewards. However, Ng and Lien (2015, p.657) has pointed out that there is always a saturation point in terms of rewards and when that is reached, social media marketing cannot yield business growth anymore. Social identity theory helps to explain how individuals utilize their membership identities for obtaining respect and approval in the community. As per Lange-Faria and Elliot (2012, p.195), this theory encompasses cognitive, evaluative and affective elements. This element helps the marketers to create loyalty among their customers; lastly, the evaluative element assesses the value of an individual's membership in certain social community. Kim et al. (2015, p.167) has stated that when individuals perceive themselves as members of a specific community, they express loyalty to that specific community or brand and take active part in the activities initiated by the community. Zeng and Gerritsen (2014, p.28) has criticised effect of this theory by saying that at certain point of time it becomes virtually impossible for a marketer to acknowledge the identities of each and every member of the community and from such point of time deliberate negative opinions start to manifest. Critically evaluating methods of social media marketing Marketing through social media has immense influence on customers of hospitality industry and tactful marketing campaigns utilise this potent tool of digital world for their own benefit. As Bowie et al. (23016, p.177) have pointed out, today everyone has an opinion in almost every topic, and this is the particular spot where marketers of digital world have come to vendor their products or services, owing the growth of consumer culture both in Australia and all over the world. Barons and moguls of hospitality industry have ventured into social media for effectively increasing expanding their empire of business, through expensing comparatively lesser resources. Major methods of social media marketing, employed by such individuals include- Figure 6: Types of Social media marketing (Source: Created by leaner) Word-of Mouth (WOM) marketing - This type of marketing does not actually involve the direct participation of marketer, rather it is just the act of consumers broadcasting information about certain products or services to other customers. Sotiriadis and Van Zyl (2013, p.104) has mentioned that when people find a valid reason for talking about certain good and services, then involuntarily spread the information in the society. In this way, it becomes much easier for the marketer to let the goodwill take control of the marketing. Engagement marketing - the quest of every organisation runs in a cyclic process of acquiring new customers, growing lifetime value and converting them to advocates (Kandampully et al. 2015, p.380). However, in todays digital world, it has become increasingly hard to perform these tasks without encountering any hurdles. With the advent and commercial outbreak of social media, customer reality has undergone a rapid change, thus engineering a new market reality. In the new marketing reality, organisational power has shifted from sales to marketing and purchasing power now resides with buyers instead of seller. Leung et al. (2015, p.152) has defined engagement marketing as a special setup of marketing where people are engaged continuously as individuals, based on their needs, irrespective of their place and geographical position. Integrated campaigns - this type of marketing is an effective strategy where a specific brand can focus on the local communities and continuity to be benefited from the global corporate parent. eri? et al. (2014, p.150) has stated that such marketing offers a holistic approach in communication marketing and therefore ensures that consumers will engage with the marketer the way he wants to. As result, market gains better control through practicing integrated campaign. Despite the benefits received from integrated marketing, there are some downsides of it also. Leung et al. (2015, p.151) has argued that integrated social media marketing has the capability to contradict the brand messaging. Analysing the impact of social media marketing in hospitality industry Benefits Figure 7: Benefits of social media marketing in hospitality industry (Source: Created by leaner) With increasing usage of different social media marketing techniques and tools, Australian hospitality industry has experienced significant benefits from these activities. Firstly, guest booking experience has revolutionised owing to the use of social media. On a global perspective, roughly 148.3 million travel bookings are made annually through the internet, implying a staggering 557% of all travel bookings (Maxwell, 2017). Secondly, implementation of search engine optimisation (SEO) has enabled hotels and restaurants to source their customers from the locality and thus strengthen their foothold in the local market also. Thirdly, activity on the social media has enhanced the practice of destination marketing as people are more engaged in recommending and suggesting places to each other in online communities (Hays et al. 2013, p.215). Figure 8: Distribution of social media platform usage by businesses in Australia as of April 2016, by business size (Source: Statista.com, 2017 Limitations Despite benefits realised from the internet and social media marketing, marketers of hospitality insert should not redirect their customers to Facebook. In the opinion of Maxwell (2017), such act will prompt them to browse through their own notifications and thus jeopardize the entire motive of social media marketing. Another major drawback in this context is the negative word-of-mouth propagation. As Pfeffer et al. (2014, p.120) has pointed out, social media users are often found to creating online firestorms in response to any sensitive activity of incident. Gap in Literature One major gap identified in previous research is the exclusion of social factors in describing the impact of social media on the operation of social media. Despite the immense significance of social lamberts such as identity, interaction and group behaviour, previous research has overlooked this area for the sake of emphasizing only on the economic outcomes of social media activity. Therefore, the researcher has endeavoured to bridge this gap in the current study and thus produce a holistic approach on the research issue. Conclusion This chapter has presented a critical understanding of the literature associated with the role of social media marketing in hospitality industry. For this purpose, research has introduced the scope of social media marketing by defining the term online community' and explaining the characteristics of such communities in brief. After that, economic and social theories of social media marketing, along with their impact in hospitality industry have been penned down. Major methods of social media marketing have been outlined after that, following by benefits and negative impacts of social media marketing Reference list Cowling, D. (2017). Social Media Statistics Australia January 2017. SocialMediaNews.com.au, 1 February, [online], Available at: https://www.socialmedianews.com.au/social-media-statistics-australia-january-2017/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Inversini, A. and Masiero, L., (2014). Selling rooms online: the use of social media and online travel agents.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(2), pp.272-292. Kim, W.G., Lim, H. and Brymer, R.A., (2015). The effectiveness of managing social media on hotel performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,44, pp.165-171. Lange-Faria, W. and Elliot, S., (2012). Understanding the role of social media in destination marketing.Tourismos,7(1). Pp.193-211. Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H. and Buhalis, D., (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), pp.3-22. Maxwell, T. (2017). Simplifying Digital Marketing For Hotels. Forbes, 1 June, [online], Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2017/06/01/simplifying-digital-marketing-for-hotels/#153f688c7b42 [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Ng, E. and Lien, C.Y., 2015. Impact of social media in service innovations: An empirical study on the Australian hotel industry. InHospitality, Travel, and Tourism: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 656-671). Hershey: IGI Global. Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T. and Carley, K.M., (2014). Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.117-128. Sigala, M., Christou, E. and Gretzel, U. eds., (2012).Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Statista.com, (2017), Distribution of social media platform usage by businesses in Australia as of April 2016, by business size, Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/650805/australia-social-media-presence/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Statista.com, (2017), Number of Facebook users in Australia from 2015 to 2022 (in millions), Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/304862/number-of-facebook-users-in-australia/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Zeng, B. and Gerritsen, R., (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, pp.27-36.

Cultural Human Resource Issues China

The paper will focus on the culture other than U.S., more specifically Chinese and how HR issues and their handling might be done differently. It will look at the divisions between the set up of organizational ladder and the ability of culture to interact and come to a compromising decision. It will discuss cultural and moral implications and illustrate how COBRA policies might be viewed differently by the unique specifics of the culture and its people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Human Resource Issues: China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lawful and regulatory obligations that companies might have are crucial to the way other potential partners view a business, so ethics play an important role in the modern globalized market. Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions will be analyzed, in relation to the structure of social norms, people’s traditional expectations and psychological der ivations of cross cultural values and individual opinions. The global developments and operations have been on an increase in the past decades. The division of roles in the company, workforce and general society must also be learned for success. Every culture has unique social norms and rules, which must be adhered by. The communication is one of the key areas, so the tone and how people are addressed will be important factors of a business. The structure of society and values, as well as traditions must be known for mutual respect and dealings. The ethical behavior very much depends on the norms and beliefs that the majority of people abide by. Human resources of a Chinese culture may greatly differ from those in the United States; so many factors must be examined. The world is made of many nations, unique and mostly unknown to others. The cultures that are close by geographically are better known between themselves, as people have to communicate with each other. But if cultures ar e far away and separate from others, then very little is known about them. Chinese culture is very unique, and the way business is handled requires a somewhat different approach from the United States one. China has very rich and extraordinary culture full of respectful traditions towards nature and other people. There is a deep and colorful history of past generations, which is not lost but keeps passing from one person to the next and so, the traditions stay the same in time. The way business ethics are oriented can be seen in the moral behavior of the nation. Even though the culture is stricter in its beliefs and traditions, it involves itself greatly in the present matters that affect the whole world. When looking at China’s values towards their culture, the respect they show can be seen from far away. Hofstede talks about the power distance between individuals and within corporations. The unique hierarchal set up that is based on authority and position can be seen in the Chinese culture. Individualism is largely secondary, as the common goal of the whole society is the greater pursuit (Wu, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hofstede specifies that cultural differences are key in finding the common ground, especially within an organization. The human resources relate to the individuals’ well being in a company, so culture and norms of the personal beliefs should be acknowledged. It is true that for many centuries China was very separated from the rest of the world. It was hard for people of different cultures especially Western culture, to understand something that was different from their own. And it is true that when something is unknown and new to people, right away they think of it as strange and unacceptable for the modern world. But even when it is seen that China is moving together with the present times, not many people kn ow this and still have old views. This shows how much prejudice comes from lack of information, which is not only negative to the China but also to the people who don’t know, it makes them less educated and aware of the present world. Hofstede thus argues that in the international companies, management should be focused on the culture that is unique to the nation, and the nuances of businesses should evolve from personal and social preferences of people, adjusting to the needs and expectancies (Hofstede, 1984). The spirituality and ethical divisions framed by an old culture must be always in check when human resources deal with specificities of situations and issues. The influence of the modern world has reached even the far out places that were always very original in their ideas and thinking. China’s economy and exports are growing, it is becoming one of the bigger nations in the world and so, modern changes of business conduction will be very visible. One of very sp ecific aspects of an organization are its policies in regards to health and benefits of employees. Health policies and insurances that are outlined in the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act or COBRA, deal with the way individuals and their families are treated. Almost any organization will offer some form of health coverage and COBRA outlines the plans and benefits of the system. More specifically, it gives employees the right for hospital visits or care, physician’s examinations and sometimes, surgery. The prescription medication, dental and vision are also covered by policies outlined in the coverage (An Employee’s Guide to Health Benefits Under COBRA, 2013). A conflict between a company’s health policies and uniqueness of a culture might appear when dealing with Chinese traditions and beliefs. It is well known that natural health remedies are widely used by the Chinese people and so, in case any medical care is needed, the policies of the company might have to adjust to the needs of the employees. If someone refuses to resort to the modern ways of treatment and does not want to attend a hospital or use a technique most preferred by the Western society, a different alternative must be provided for the employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Human Resource Issues: China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their families could also come into the picture, as the health plan covers them as well. Unless some middle ground is found, corporations might become disinclined to attempt any business relations with those who will not compromise, which will make companies lose profit and reputation. Even though previously, the world was separated and segregated amongst unique and different cultures, the modern day and age have brought major changes to the way business is done. International companies are spreading all over the world, uniting nations and creati ng a common and universal base for people to exchange goods and services. The organization of any business must be primarily based on the native culture of the people who are involved in the process. It would be wise for organizations to adjust their social policies and regulations to many different nations and norms because the future will unite the world even more. References An Employee’s Guide to Health Benefits Under COBRA. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Wu, M. (2006). Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 30 Years Later. Retrieved from https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/04-Ming-Yi-Wu.pdf This essay on Cultural Human Resource Issues: China was written and submitted by user Casey Carter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce

Problem/Solution Paper Young Marrige Equals Divorce America is presently in a time where people sue other people for rediculous reasons, find obsurd reasons to go to court, and the biggest court revolution is divorce. Divorce is becoming more common in today’s world than ever before and is either splitting homes or ruining people economically. It is by far one of the biggest problems in our country in the modern era. Many people in today’s society marry at a very young age. They tend to do this because either they were high school sweethearts or they have had a child together. In doing so, there is a very high divorce rate for people under the age of 25 years old in the United States. â€Å"40-50% is a number projection for younger folks marrying for the first time† (divorcereform.org). People under the age of 25 are said to have a divorce rate of about 45% according to the U.S. Census Beaurea in the year 2002. â€Å"Approximately 31% of friends and co-workers, aged 35 to 54, who are married, engaged, or cohabitating have already been previously divorced† (divorcereform.org). This satement shows that about one third of Americans divorce at an early age and remarry when they are more mature. Statistics also show that if two people have been married for more then 15 years, the chances of divorce are slim to none, about 3%. A young couple marrying for the first time today has a lifetime divorce risk of 40%, another statistic showing that there is a lack of maturity in young couples who marry early. Many couples marry at a young age simply for the reason of having a baby either by mistake or perhaps not knowing the consequences and economic struggle they will endure. The government right now does not have a solution for the high divorce rate that is infecting America. Because people at a young age are immature and have not experienced the world totally, infidelity is a big factor in a number of divorces. Economi... Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce Problem/Solution Paper Young Marrige Equals Divorce America is presently in a time where people sue other people for rediculous reasons, find obsurd reasons to go to court, and the biggest court revolution is divorce. Divorce is becoming more common in today’s world than ever before and is either splitting homes or ruining people economically. It is by far one of the biggest problems in our country in the modern era. Many people in today’s society marry at a very young age. They tend to do this because either they were high school sweethearts or they have had a child together. In doing so, there is a very high divorce rate for people under the age of 25 years old in the United States. â€Å"40-50% is a number projection for younger folks marrying for the first time† (divorcereform.org). People under the age of 25 are said to have a divorce rate of about 45% according to the U.S. Census Beaurea in the year 2002. â€Å"Approximately 31% of friends and co-workers, aged 35 to 54, who are married, engaged, or cohabitating have already been previously divorced† (divorcereform.org). This satement shows that about one third of Americans divorce at an early age and remarry when they are more mature. Statistics also show that if two people have been married for more then 15 years, the chances of divorce are slim to none, about 3%. A young couple marrying for the first time today has a lifetime divorce risk of 40%, another statistic showing that there is a lack of maturity in young couples who marry early. Many couples marry at a young age simply for the reason of having a baby either by mistake or perhaps not knowing the consequences and economic struggle they will endure. The government right now does not have a solution for the high divorce rate that is infecting America. Because people at a young age are immature and have not experienced the world totally, infidelity is a big factor in a number of divorces. Economi...

Comprehensive cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comprehensive cases - Essay Example This raised quite a stir as people thought Ratan Tata was an insecure person who wants to remove all experienced people form the company. Ratan Tata was no doubt and excellent leader as instead of paying heed to such skepticism he hired fresh talent for the company and therefore was able to bring in new ideas and motivated new employees for the business. He now developed Tata Business Excellence Model (TBEM), which was implemented with the help of Tata’s quality management service. With the help of this model he was able to enhance the productivity and efficiency of the organization. Ratan Tata believed in employee empowerment. His leadership style and long term vision were two important reasons for his success. According to the executive director of Tata Sons, Ratan Tata did not tell them what to do or gave orders like a typical boss, instead he would ask them what we wanted to do and how they would achieve their goals. This gave a sense of responsibility to the employees and empowered them. Ratan Tata brought in a new culture in the organization. His managers were now bolder and risk taking. They were allowed to experiment with new ideas and implement unique thoughts into action. Ratan wanted his employees to have a strategic vision and yet realistic goals. He was directing the company in two directions. In one direction the company was focusing on mass markets of India, where as in the other he went international. He understood how globalization was taking over and in a few years it would be difficult for him to compete in his own market if new measures were not taken. He then started an extensive marketing plan where he advertised his company in major public events like concerts, games etc. He also believed that in order to be on top, a business needs to have technological advantage. For this reason he threw out all obsolete equipment in the Tata Steel Mills and brought in new efficient models of those equipments. In just a few years time Ratan chang ed this slow moving giant in to a sleek model of quality and success. It is not an easy task to bring in and manage change in an organization. Ratan Tata was a leader with many qualities who was able to single handedly, bring in these changes and manage them effectively. He had vision, conviction and clarity. His was socially conscious and held ethical values which helped him transform this organization into what it is today. Question No 2 As soon as Ratan Tata took over Tata group of companies he started restructuring and streamlining the company as he thought that the presence of Tata in such diverse businesses affects its ability to respond to market changes promptly. Through this streamlining process Ratan Tata was able to remove all Tata companies which, instead of being productive were a liability for the Tata group of companies. He closed down businesses of cosmetics, consumer electronics, toiletries, pharmaceuticals, paints and oil, cement, textiles etc. On the other hand, h e saw some potential in businesses such as passenger cars, auto components, telecom retail and power insurance, and therefore invested more in these businesses. Ratan Tata believed in being on the top. When he was asked why he exited so many businesses he replied that if any of his companies was not among the top three companies, he would take extreme measures to either do something

Development of sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development of sport - Essay Example 2001) It is amazing, that despite the enormous influence of sports on society, the theoretical development in this flied is underdeveloped. Before taking a deeper glance at social stratification and organizational context of sports, it is worth noting, that in this world there is nothing black and white and even though sports in general has a positive impact on society; drawbacks should and must be emphasized in order to eliminate the possibility of future mistakes. Despite the fact, that sports is widely considered to be a sphere free from prejudice and discrimination, this issue can hardly be taken for granted: "As the 20th century began, American girls and women who wished to participate in sport found themselves in a race that would prove to be more grueling than the actual marathons that females are running and setting records in today." (Motley, M., Lavine, M. 2001) Women were kept from participating in sports and in case if they were allowed, novelty and sex appeal were highlighted rather then athletic skills. This is evident from the names that were given to women's teams in the late 80th: "Balian Ice Cream Beauties", "Slapsie Maxie's Curvacious Cuties" (Motley, M., Lavine, M. 2001). ... ), in accordance with Kay Morgan (1999) the NAGWS "began in 1899 and continues today as one of six associations within the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance," did and do contribute to the improvement of the situation, however, even in the new millennium female population still only will be celebrating the true equality of opportunities in sports. In accordance with Feminist Majority Foundation and New Media Publishing, female population enjoys only 41% of athletic opportunities, 36% of athletic budget, and 32% of the recruitment budget (2005).Why is it so, that sports contributes to inequality between men and women If in this case the issue can be partially attributed to the very essence of sports and, maybe, the inborn, rather then acquired, difference in psychological traits and role models of the two genders, then why does the situation remain unchanged when it comes speaking about racial minorities In the 19th and 20-th centuries sports often took a shaped by social conflict: "early boxing epitomized a lower-class cultural style of raucous play that affirmed working-class virtues of prowess, bravery, honor, and physical culture--all of which brought condemnation from middle-class critics." (Pope, S. 2002) Communities, socialists, labor groups that were formed during at those times transformed sports into politically-charged picnics. Eventually, evolution of sports during the 20th century unified the group majorities and contributed to further segmentation of subordinate ones. White patriarchate determined the Where, When and How cultural minorities and women will participate in sports. Alice Coachman's victory in the high jump during the Olympiad of 1948 was the first time a black woman to win a gold medal and is considered

Intellectual Property Rights And Traditional Knowledge

Intellectual Property Rights And Traditional Knowledge Traditional knowledge encompasses the beliefs, knowledge, practices, innovations, arts, spirituality, and other forms of cultural practices that belong to indigenous communities worldwide. The intergovernmental board on rational property and inherent resources, customary awareness and tradition has met ten times since 2001 and the Tenth Session took place in Geneva, 30 November-8 December 2006. The committee has been discussing intellectual property issues as they arise in relation to the protection of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions and access to hereditary resources and profit sharing. 1) What is Indigenous/traditional Knowledge? Traditional Knowledge is the knowledge usually related to the environment. This knowledge is owned by the whole community. Holders of traditional knowledge want to be protected against publication of culturally sensitive information. A holder of traditional knowledge wants a system which can contribute to the preservation and safeguarding of traditional knowledge and the customary means for their development, preservation and transmission, and promote the conservation, maintenance, application and wider use of traditional knowledge, for the direct benefit of traditional knowledge holders in particular, and for the benefit of humanity in general. WIPO (1999) For example in Australia the case of Dr. Mountford, who undertook an expedition to the Northern Territory outback in 1940. Local Aboriginal people revealed to him tribal sites and objects possessing deep religious and cultural significance for them. The publication was held by the court as it could disclose information of deep religious and cultural significance to the Aborigines. The system should recognize the intrinsic value of traditional knowledge, including its social, spiritual, economic, intellectual, scientific, ecological, technological, commercial and educational value. Intellectual Property law: Intellectual property law covers a wide range of rights and privileges and in the UK is defined by s. 72(5) of the Supreme Court Act 1981 (amended by Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988) to include; There are some serious concerns about the suitability of the existing IPR system to the indigenous peoples traditional knowledge. The indigenous communities generate and posses their traditional knowledge collectively. The difficulty experienced by indigenous peoples in trying to protect their traditional knowledge under intellectual property (IP) rights law stems mainly from its failure to satisfy the requirements for protection under existing IP law. Reference Chapter 2 WIPO (1999) â€Å"Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of traditional knowledge Holders†, WIPO Report on Fact-Finding Missions 1998-1999, WIPO, Geneva (Publication Number 768E). Source: http://www.wipo.int/globalissues/tk/report/final/index.html 9/05/2008 Paragraph 19 of Doha WTO Ministerial Declaration (WTO Document No. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1) adopted on 14 November 2001, calls for the TRIPS Council to examine the issue of protection of traditional knowledge and folklore. Source: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_e.doc Chapter Three Safety Of Sui-Generis Protection Of Traditional Knowledge And Genetic Resources 3.1. Introduction Traditional knowledge holders are concerned about loss of traditional lifestyles and knowledge because the young ones of the community cannot carry forward traditional practices. They also want their traditional knowledge to be respected together with the holders. They are against misappropriation of traditional knowledge including use of traditional knowledge without any benefit sharing, or use in a derogatory manner. Lack of recognition of the need to preserve and promote the further use of traditional knowledge is also their concern. They also advocate for equity considerations in the sense that the custodians of traditional knowledge to be fairly compensated if traditional knowledge leads to commercial gain. A single solution can hardly be expected to meet such a wide range of concerns and objectives.To address these concerns two options can be put in place namely: Intellectual property rights (IP)system Sui Generis Protection Intellectual property rights (IP) system Intellectual property system can be utilised to commercialize traditional knowledge or prevent its misuse. For example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists in Australia have obtained a national certification trademark. The intellectual property system is useful to universities and RD organizations first as a source of information from where further knowledge can be created and can be used to plan for further studies in the area of concern and as literature. It can be used as a source for products and services when their industrial or commercial exploitation is used for social, cultural or economic gains. Correa, C. (2001) However hindrances for effective management of intellectual property rights are those associated with the lack of abundance in reference materials, necessary to create confidence. Often, the institutional policy will not cover all the areas associated with the different areas of intellectual property. Lack of a dynamic and rewarding policy, which is fully communicated to members, will also be of some hindrance. It is important that stakeholders are involved in its evolution and review process. Finally, the difficulty of enforcement due to infrastructural shortcomings should be expected. This would be viewed as a result of funding, cultural issues and weak economics and industries Sui generic system Sui generis is a Latin phrase which means â€Å"of its own kind.† It is a system which has been designed specifically to address the needs and concerns of a particular issue. Prior Informed Consent Countries have already decided that the existing intellectual property system is not, on its own, adequate to protect traditional knowledge. A number of them have enacted or are in the process of enacting sui generis systems of protection. Access by other parties will be based on the prior informed consent (PIC) of the community obtained accordIng to customary laws. Any benefits arising from genetic resources or associated knowledge will be equitably shared. The Philippines has enacted legislation, and is considering further provisions, giving indigenous communities rights over their traditional knowledge. Access by other parties will be based on the prior informed consent (PIC) of the community obtained accordIng to customary laws. Any benefits arising from genetic resources or associated knowledge will be equitably shared. Costa Rica has not yet fulfilled the participatory process to determine the nature and extent of the sui generis communitary intellectual rights. With this system apart from sharing the benefits, if tangible returns are generated it can attract greater involvement of younger members of the community. However with such a wide range of material to protect and such diverse reasons for â€Å"protecting it†, it may be that a single all-encompassing sui generis system of protection for traditional knowled.The system would allow all plant genetic resources to be monopolised. Plant breeding would thus come to a standstill. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The Convention, which was agreed in 1992, seeks to promote the conservation of biodiversity and the equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources. It asserts the sovereign rights of nations over their national resources, the right to determine access according to national legislation with the aim of facilitating the sustainable use of these resources, promoting access and their common use.   To date about more than fifty countries have developed national access and benefit sharing legislation. Some of the examples are mention below. a) â€Å"Pakistan ( Draft Legislation on Entry to Biological and Community privileges, 2004 whose one of its major aims is to protect and encourage cultural diversity, valuing creativity, practices and knowledge of local communities. b) Bangladesh (Draft Biodiversity and Community Protection Act of Bangladesh, 1998).whose number one general objectives is to safeguard the sovereign rights of the Communities that have understanding of biodiversity, and have managed, maintained , preserved, reproduced and improved biodiversity c) India (Biological Diversity Act, 2002; Biodiversity Rules, 2004). Authority is given to the implementation sanction grants-in-aid and grants to the State Bio-diversity Board and Biodiversity Management Committees for specific purposes and also undertakes physical inspection of any area in connection with the implementation of the Act. d) Malaysia (Sarawak Biodiversity Center Ordinance, 1997; Sarawak Biodiversity (Access, Collection and Research) Regulations, 1998; Sabah Biodiversity Enactment, 2000). One of its penalty states that any person who, without a permit from the Council, collects or takes away any protected resources from their habitat or place where they are found or grown or take such resources out of the State, shall be guilty of an offence: Penalty, a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or both. e) Philippines (Executive Order No. 247, 1995; Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Orders 96-20, 1996; Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act; Republic Act No. 9147, 2001)† [26]. Article 3 of CBD recognizes the sovereign right of nations. In spite of all these efforts, while entering into ABS contracts the current access and benefit mechanism has failed to effectively resolve the major problems faced by the local communities and countries. Reference Correa, C. (2001) â€Å"Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property†, QUNO, Geneva. Source: http://hostings.diplomacy.edu/quaker/new/doc/tkcol3.pdf 09/05/2008 Sui generis system of protection is a distinct system tailored or modified to accommodate the special characteristics of traditional knowledge or folklore.Sui generis systems of protection are already provided in areas such as the protection of plant varieties (UPOV system) and protection of databases (EC Directive 96/9/EC, 11 March 1996. Source: http://www.eurogeographics.org/WorkGroups/WG1/eu_directive.pdf).09/05/2008 Chapter 4 Overview Of The Ipr And Traditional Knowledge Debate In International Negotiations The importance of protecting and preserving indigenous traditional knowledge has been recognized in several international instruments, including the WIPO, CBD and the TRIPS Council of the WTO. 4.2. Convention on Biological Diversity The convention was drafted at the 1992 â€Å"Earth Summit† in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [30] and it came into force in 1993 [31]. The convention emphasized what is depicted in article 8(j) the most important provision of CBD on indigenous knowledge, it reads: â€Å"Each Agreeing Party shall, as far as likelihood and correctness: focus to its national law, protect, value, and maintain understanding , innovations and of local and practices of local and native group. It implies that local communities embodying traditional life styles possess an equal status to indigenous peoples. 4.2. The Conference of the Parties (COP) COP is a decision making body of the convention whose function is to regularly review implementation of the convention [41]. In 6th convention of Parties, the Working group of Entry and profit sharing adopted Bonn Guidelines [20] under decision VI/24. The ABS Decision of the seventh conference mandated the operational group on ABS and Article 8(j) to expound and bargain an intercontinental regime on access to genetic resources and profit sharing with the objective to efficiently implement the provision in Article 15 aimed Article 8(j) [49]. Comments The COP had failed to take any considerable action at the international level. 4.3. The Bonn Guidelines They were officially adopted to provide for a set of rules that will facilitate the drafting and further development of national biodiversity legislation. The Guidelines encourage parties to â€Å"adopt measures to reveal the source country of the genetic resources and traditional understanding, innovations, , benefit sharing, and norms of local and native group in application for intellectual property privileges. †¢ Criticism The guidelines were criticized by several environmental NGO, arguing that voluntary non binding Guidelines can never replace legally binding instruments. The voluntary position of the Guidelines will provide member states with an excuse for non- action. Analysis Despite of criticisms, they are a vital step towards the harmonization of the regime of access and benefit sharing. The CBD help foster bilateral agreements between the providers and users of resources. 4.4. TRIPS, Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Resources The relevant provisions in this regard could be Article 39 (protection of undisclosed information), if the TK is kept as secret knowledge, and Article 22 (protection of geographical indications). The developing countries also argued that the exclusions in Article 27(3) (b) should be clarified. In November 2001, the widely published â€Å"Doha Declaration† was issued at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference held in Doha, Qatar. The protection of traditional knowledge and folklore was given particular attention. As a contribution to this examination, several developing countries in together with other groups of developing countries, submitted a paper to the Council for TRIPS in June 2002. The paper proposed that WTO Member States to meet the following requirement: (i) Original disclosure of the country and source of the biological resource traditional understanding used in the invention; (ii) Proof of well knowledgeable consent through approval of authorities under Evidence of prior informed consent through approval of authorities under significant national regimes. (iii) Proof of just and equitable profit sharing under the national regime of the original country.† [63]. The United States and Japan have raised the primary objections to the above. These countries have argued that: (i) Such corrections would not be constant with TRIPs Agreement and would be in violation of the rule of non-discrimination amongst field of technology; (ii) Expanding the norms of disclosure would amount to a legal and administrative â€Å"nightmare† and an unnecessary burden on the patent applicant and the Patent office [64]. Analysis Countries avoid the misappropriation of traditional knowledge and with the implementation of the sharing of benefits principle, than with the development of an intellectual property rights regime for traditional knowledge (most notably U.S. and Japan). 4.5. WIPOs Inter-Governmental board on rational possessions and inherent Resource, customary Knowledge and Tradition. The IGC is very much concerned about enhancing the protection of Traditional Knowledge and has therefore focused on understanding the needs and expectations of traditional communities. Also at the IGC third session, World Intellectual Property Organization produced a paper called â€Å"Elements of Sui Generic System for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge†. [45] In Autumn 2005, the WIPOs General Assembly extended the mandate of IGC to continue its work on achieving feasible solutions to the protection of Traditional Knowledge In July 2007 meeting of the WIPOs Intergovernmental Committee (IGC), the developing countries were demanding an international legally binding instrument to protect their resources, while developed countries such as United States, Japan, want a non-binding recommendation. Indigenous peoples organizations expressed frustration, that both genetic resources and traditional knowledge are open to misappropriation. Organization (WIPO) as to whether there should be a binding International treaty to protect genetic resources, [73]. 4.6. Discussion Winding up the discussion, determination of positive synergies between various international regimes in the context of IPR, vis a vis, protection of GRs and related TK is a politically and technically intricate and challenging endeavor. However it has been shown that addressing some of the cases under conversation and the most significant international forums where this discussion takes place, in regard to TK protection and profit sharing, still remains far from achieved [53]. Law and policy needs to check the following: a) Nations of origin assert their rights over their genetics resources, b) Assured benefits of the use these resources are shared equally. c) Native peoples intellectual efforts well protected [53]. 4.7. Summary Compared to the situation that existed a decade ago, currently WIPO, CBD, Council of TRIPs and several other national and regional process are involved in finding decision to establish constructive synergies among IPR and biodiversity related issues, which in itself is an important development [53]. The author is of the view that one of the effective strategies for developing countries, in the wake of heightened debates over TK protection and monopolization attempts of industrialized nations. Nations exercise sovereignty in the safeguarding of hereditary resources and similar traditional understanding with the kind of measures they put in place. The wealth of genetic resources and related traditional knowledge plays an important part in the general well being, food security and health care of the indigenous communities. Reference Pires de Carvalho, N. (2000) â€Å"Requiring Disclosure of the Origin of Genetic Resources and Prior Informed Consent in Patent Applications without Infringing the Trips Agreement: The Problem and the Solution†, Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 2, pp.371-401 McDonald, S. (2001) â€Å"Exploring the hidden costs of Patents notes of a talk given at Quakers House Geneva 16 May 2001†, QUNO Occasional Paper 4, QUNO, Geneva. The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, Republican Act No. 8371. Source: http://www.grain.org/docs/philippines-ipra-2008-en.pdf, and The Community Intellectual Rights Protection Act 1994 Senate Bill No. 1841 (still pending). Source: http://www.grain.org/docs/philippines-cirpa-2008-en.pdf Chapter 5 The Philippines Experience Philippines have vast variety of traditional knowledge concentrated in health care, agriculture and forestry just to mention a few. The Philippines was the first country to introduced legislation on access to genetic resources, with the signing of Executive Order 247 (EO 247), â€Å"Prescribing Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory Framework for the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources, their By-Products and Derivatives, for Scientific and Commercial Purposes, and for Other Purposes†, on May 18, 1995 [6]. Because of the wide scope and the procedure required for the prior informed consent, certain problems were experienced in implementing EO 247.The law stipulates that indigenous societies are owners of their knowledge of traditional medicine and when outsiders use the information they must acknowledge the source and demand a share of any financial return coming from commercial use. The legislation however seeks to maintain the free exchange of biodiversity among local communities. This prevents exploitation of the communitys resources by foreigners with no benefits to the actual owners of the resources. In the context of compliance with the International regimes, TRIPS Agreement, the Philippines has an Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, i.e. Republic Act No. 829300. This code covers economic rights of the country [32].which shows the government commitment towards protecting the rights of indigenous communities to ownership of their resources Analysis Law regulating access to genetic and biological resources (IPRA and EO 247) have both tried to pave the way for mutual research efforts. The use Genetic Resources in safeguarding Traditional Knowledge Vietnam: In spite of the importance hereditary resources and traditional understanding in the lives of Vietnamese people, the results of the survey conducted by WIPO in accordance to test out the legislative steps taken by the Vietnamese government, unfortunately shows that hardly any efforts have been taken by the law makers for the protection of traditional knowledge. However, the Government Decree No. 7-CP of February 1996 elaborates the following measures taken. a) â€Å"Article 4: The overall policy of the Government is to invest for building national capacity in conserving, selecting, producing and carrying on the business of developing seed varieties†. This means greater biodiversity in the country b) Article 8: Genetic resources are to be considered as national property and managed by the State. All organizations and individuals are encouraged to prospect for, collect, preserve, utilize and enrich genetic resources for the benefit of the national economy and social welfare. In this regard, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) is the main government body responsible for the management of development of seed varieties by the State. This prevents exploitation of national resources for selfish gains. Vietnam and International Regimes Vietnam needs to elaborate a national structure for the safety of heritable resources and customary knowledge. In this regard, MARD is drafting legislation guard of generic resources and similar traditional norms. Protection of Traditional Knowledge in Indonesia The existing Indonesian intellectual property provides little legal protection for traditional knowledge. Some sort of protection is given under the existing â€Å"copyright, distinctive signs and trade secret law† [40]. Some of these laws were further amended In addition, the intention to provide protection to traditional knowledge is also clear from the media report on copyright, Law No 19/2002. And also an informal version of the said law, indicate that â€Å"Article 10 vests in the State the copyright to, inter alia, prehistoric remains, historical and other national cultural objects, stories, legends, folk tales, epics, songs, handicrafts, choreography and dances†[40]. Moreover, the publication by the Indonesian National News Agency shows the government willingness in preventing the outsiders from illegally accessing and patenting other peoples knowledge. [40]. The importance of Intellectual property Rights is visible from submission of the draft of new IPR regulations to the peoples Consultative Assembly. The Indian Experience India formally established under the National Biodiversity Act, Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). It was considered as a great step forward for preventing misappropriation of traditional knowledge and help in identifying the real traditional knowledge rights holders. The Biodiversity Act 2002 is the first attempt of the Indian legislators attains the aim of CBD. In practice the protection mechanisms are not very effective and are regarded as greatly biased against the safety of the native communities. Guarding of Genetic Resources and Customary Understanding in Pakistan is blessed with enormous amount of natural resources and also is rich in bio wealth. Due to a range of climate zones and various environmental conditions, the country has got a great capability for producing all sorts of food products. A Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan (BAP) The increasing environmental problems led to the Biodiversity Action Plan in 1999, which is the most important step taken by the government of Pakistan to prevent biodiversity loss. In collaboration with World Conservation Union, Pakistan (IUCN) and World Wide Fund for Nature, the Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, put forward the Biodiversity Action Plan [47]. Draft law on entry to Biological Resources and Community privileges 2004 In order to established fundamental grounds for an ABS mechanism, the Pakistani Ministry of food, Agriculture and livestock is working on draft legislation [49]. This draft is in accordance to the international Convention on Biological Diversity, which will help in providing protection to the rights of indigenous communities of the country. The Way Forward Pakistan has accomplished little so far, due to lack of implementation of the new policies due to lack of funds, skilled personnel and infrastructure. The government should use the sovereign rights stipulated in the CBD to put in place measures to protect biodiversity. In addition, there is a need to address the institutional flaws, which includes the deficiency of monitory and enforcement mechanisms. Claims regarding unfulfilled requirements of patentability. Here we will discuss the well-known cases of Turmeric and Basmati rice, which send a signal to biotech companies or organizations, not to treat the developing countries resources as a free good. 1. The Turmeric Case This has been a milestone success for a developing country like India to protect the traditional knowledge of its indigenous communities and discourages the illegal obtaining of patent over their knowledge. 2. The Basmati Case It was concerned with protection of traditional knowledge and geographical indications. It involved new strains of rice which were to be sold under the name Basmati by a Texas based company, but protests emerged from India and Pakistan over the repercussions the name could have on their communities. The case showed that it is expensive to challenge biopiracy cases. CONCLUSION Effectively protecting the genetic resources, traditional knowledge, and folklore is very important for the developing countries and the most undeveloped countries against the background of the international trade, and concerned with the interests of the developing countries and the most undeveloped countries. If we can find some useful solutions to effectively protect genetic resources, traditional knowledge, and folklore, the position of the developing and most undeveloped countries in the international trade will be strengthened. The issue of protecting of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge is a global issue and still receives attention it deserves. Generally speaking, WTO agreements, including TRIPS Agreement, are a deal between the developed countries and the developing countries, and the whole agreements of WTO are balanced in the interests of the developed countries and the developing countries. On the one hand, the developing countries accepted the standards or criteria for the protection of intellectual property set up by the developed countries. This is good for developed countries, and helped them to strengthen their position in the international trade. On the other hand, the developing countries participated in the new world trade system, and benefited from this trade system. Some of them even since then have enjoyed MFN from some of the developed countries. There have been championing for the formation of new intercontinental lawful protections for these resources, but questions remained unanswered. Who would benefit from the safety measures created for heritable resources, traditional knowledge, or myths? No country, person or worldwide organization has been able to identify the particular beneficiaries of these sought after security measures. None also has determined to what extent of such safeguarding might be what would involve â€Å"fair use† or additional exceptions of restrictions, or even what enforcement mechanisms could be functional. A few countries want to stop others from using their customs while others want to make or commercialize from such use. How could any one structure include these benefits? And to complicate the matter, there is no contract as to what exact damage would be solved by new means of protection. One step taken to react to customary know how holders, said Linda Lourie, makes sure that patents are not approved on recognized process or products, including those that are measured in customary information. A patent is a funding by a national government to an author for the right to exclude others from producing, using, or selling his or her innovation. To qualify for patent safeguarding in many nations, a discovery must needs to be new, useful and not to be minor addition of what is already known. A few customary understanding the rest will seek Patent regarding greater understanding and reap the profit from it. Though considerable work has been done for the protection of such knowledge and resources, a challenging agenda of research and policy still lingers in the minds of many How extensive are genetic resources and indigenous knowledge of countries, and to what uses can they be utilized. The activities in this regard can be observed, not only in the framework of international organizations, but as several developing countries have also made tremendous efforts for introducing effective legislations for promoting and conserving genetic resources and traditional knowledge. The significance of publishing customary knowledge and making that information accessible to patent examiners worldwide cannot be overemphasized, said Lourie. If customary understanding is documented, that understanding may not be topic of patent, even if it is not broadly known in a developed country. The United States is encouraging other nations to create digital databases to record their customary understanding and guard it from patent attempts. Digital databases would permit patent examiners globally to search and scrutinize customary knowledge. In the US, few Native-American tribes are cataloguing their tribal values in a way that that fulfils the need for recording and the need to deny strangers entry to information. Eric Wilson, the Tulalip ethnic in the dialects in the state of Washington in the US, for instant, have determines who is to have way in to what customary information about their familiarity, culture, history, or practices. Some users have unrestricted entry, while the rest, like US. Patent examiners, may have restricted access. Some holders of customary understanding want to be exact that new technologies original from their customary knowledge include a fair distribution of benefits. These communities may want to bargain contractual benefit-sharing agreements about new processes or products produced through study using their customary understanding. Lourie warned, that it could be a blunder to anticipate from such contracts; to present; few economic repayments have accrued from commercialization of customary knowledge. Factors contributing to this include recognizing that TKs significance in the lives of the popular world and in the preservation of biodiversity, concerns about the massive loss of TK, little or no sharing of resulting payback with the original holders of TK, interest in capturing the potential of TK for local sustainable growth, and increasing concern to native rights. Most importantly, how do providing countries tackle the misappropriation of such knowledge and resources? In all these areas, the developing countries can build a credible international negotiating position. Developing Countries in Asia: The Concerns As far as the smooth and successful adoption of international provisions and regimes into domestic laws